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\n1\uff0e\u201c\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u8bf4\u201d<\/p>\n
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\n20\u4e16\u7eaa40\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u859b\u5b9a\u9102\u628a\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u89c2\u70b9\u4f5c\u4e86\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u201c\u8d1f\u71b5\u8bf4\u201d\u751f\u547d\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u751f\u547d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4f9d\u9760\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u6301\u7eed\u9762\u5bf9\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u4e0b\u5217\u6bb5\u843d\u6982\u8ff0\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u89c2\u70b9(1944\uff1a74-76):
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\n2\uff0e\u201c\u81ea\u521b\u751f\u8bf4\u201d
\n\u81ea\u521b\u751f\u8bba\u662f\u7531\u54c8\u59c6\u4f2f\u56fe?\u9a6c\u56fe\u62c9\u7eb3\uff08Humberto Maturana\uff09\u548c\u5f17\u5170\u897f\u65af\u79d1?\u74e6\u91cc\u62c9(Francisco Varela)\u7b49\u4eba\u4e8e1974\u5e74\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b9a\u4e49\u662f\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u5b9a\u4e49\u548c\u7269\u7406\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7406\u8bba\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002\u5f17\u96f7\u65bd\u514b\u5c14\uff08Gail Raney Fleischaker\uff091990\u5e74\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9a\u4e49\u52a0\u4ee5\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u5177\u4f53\u5316\u3002\u201c\u81ea\u521b\u751f\u201d\uff08Autopoiesis\uff09\u7531\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\u201cauto\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u81ea\u6211\u201d\u548c\u201cpoiesis\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u5236\u9020\u201d\u6784\u6210\u3002\u81ea\u521b\u751f\u7cfb\u7edf\u5177\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u7279\u70b9\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u8bbe\u754c\uff0c\u5373\u751f\u547d\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u5df1\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8fb9\u754c\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u6216\u5176\u5b83\u751f\u7269\u533a\u5206\u5f00\uff1b\u4e8c\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u4ea7\u751f\uff0c\u5373\u751f\u547d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5b83\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u7269\u548c\u8fb9\u754c\u90fd\u662f\u7531\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u5df1\u8f6c\u5316\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\uff1b\u4e09\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u7ef4\u6301\uff0c\u5373\u751f\u547d\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u662f\u6301\u7eed\u4e0d\u95f4\u65ad\u7684\u3002\u9a6c\u56fe\u62c9\u7eb3\u548c\u74e6\u91cc\u62c9\u521b\u9020\u201c\u81ea\u521b\u751f\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u8bf4\u660e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u52a8\u6001\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u7ef4\u6301\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u521b\u9020\u7684\u7279\u6027\u3002\u6839\u636e\u9a6c\u56fe\u62c9\u7eb3\u3001\u74e6\u91cc\u62c9\u548c\u5f17\u96f7\u65bd\u514b\u5c14\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u9700\u8981\u4ece\u5916\u73af\u5883\u8f93\u5165\u548c\u8f6c\u6362\u80fd\u91cf\u4ee5\u9a71\u52a8\u548c\u7ef4\u6301\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u751f\u4ea7\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5e76\u4fdd\u6301\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u8fdc\u79bb\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u751f\u547d\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u80fd\u591f\u628a\u5185\u90e8\u5404\u4e2a\u80fd\u91cf\u8f6c\u6362\u548c\u7269\u8d28\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u76f8\u4e92\u8026\u8054\uff0c\u5e76\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7f51\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8fb9\u754c\u819c\u7ed3\u6784\u672c\u8eab\u90fd\u80fd\u81ea\u52a8\u5730\u3001\u8fde\u7eed\u5730\u518d\u751f\u4ea7\u51fa\u6765\u3002
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\n\u81ea\u6211\u751f\u4ea7\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u81ea\u6211\u201d\u5c31\u662f\u6307\u751f\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7f51\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5c40\u90e8\u3002\u81ea\u6211\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u9760\u6574\u4f53\u8fd0\u4f5c\u3002\u81ea\u521b\u751f\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u81ea\u521b\u751f\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u3002\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u3001\u75c5\u6bd2\u3001\u7ec6\u80de\u8d28\u548c\u57fa\u56e0\u90fd\u662f\u751f\u547d\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u5f53\u5b83\u4eec\u5904\u5728\u52a8\u7269\u3001\u690d\u7269\u6216\u5176\u5b83\u7ec6\u80de\u5185\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u7ef4\u6301\u7ec6\u80de\u6216\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u81ea\u521b\u751f\u884c\u4e3a\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u3001\u75c5\u6bd2\u3001\u7ec6\u80de\u8d28\u548c\u57fa\u56e0\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u8fdb\u884c\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u5b64\u7acb\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u81ea\u521b\u751f\u3002\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u5305\u62ec\u65e0\u673a\u7269\u548c\u6709\u673a\u7269\u7684\u4ea4\u6362\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u8bf4\u547c\u5438\u3001\u8fdb\u98df\u3001\u6392\u6cc4\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u76f8\u4f34\u968f\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u8f6c\u5316\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u81ea\u521b\u751f\u7684\u53ef\u770b\u5230\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u3002\u81ea\u521b\u751f\u51b3\u5b9a\u7740\u751f\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u7684\u751f\u547d\u7269\u8d28\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002\u81ea\u521b\u751f\u5b9e\u4f53\u2014\u2014\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\u7684\u751f\u547d\u2014\u2014\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u8fdb\u884c\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7269\u8d28\u4ea4\u6362\u662f\u81ea\u521b\u751f\u7cfb\u7edf\u5fc5\u987b\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e0d\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e00\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002
\n\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u81ea\u521b\u751f\u7406\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u6211\u7ef4\u6301\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u521b\u9020\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0a\u662f\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0a\u53c8\u662f\u8fde\u7eed\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d3b\u751f\u547d\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u80fd\u8fde\u7eed\u5730\u81ea\u6211\u751f\u4ea7\u5176\u672c\u8eab\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002
\n\u5f17\u96f7\u65bd\u514b\u5c14\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u81ea\u521b\u751f\u5728\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u6750\u6599\u3002\u751f\u547d\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u5fc5\u987b\u7531\u6c34\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u7531\u542b\u6709\u78b3\u3001\u6c2e\u548c\u6c22\u7684\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u7528\u8bf4\u7531\u6c28\u57fa\u9178\u6216\u8005\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u5b83\u67d0\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u5316\u5408\u7269\u6784\u6210\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u73b0\u5728\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u7684\u6240\u6709\u751f\u547d\u90fd\u6765\u81ea\u5171\u540c\u7684\u7956\u5148\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6240\u6709\u7684\u751f\u547d\u90fd\u662f\u6c34-\u86cb\u767d\u8d28-\u6838\u9178\u5316\u5b66\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u72b6\u51b5\u4e00\u76f4\u6301\u7eed\u4e86\u4e09\u5341\u591a\u4ebf\u5e74\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u5730\u7403\u751f\u547d\u7684\u81ea\u521b\u751f\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u8bc4\u4ef7\u751f\u547d\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u751f\u547d\u8d77\u6e90\u548c\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6846\u67b6\uff08Fleischaker 1990\uff09\u3002
\n3\uff0e\u7075\u6d3b\u9002\u5e94\u8bf4
\n\u7075\u6d3b\u9002\u5e94\u7684\u751f\u547d\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u7531\u7f8e\u56fd\u91cc\u5fb7\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u9a6c\u514b?\u8d1d\u591a\uff08Mark Bedau\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002\u8d1d\u591a\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fc7\u53bb\u6211\u4eec\u5b9a\u4e49\u751f\u547d\u90fd\u662f\u8bd5\u56fe\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u65e5\u5e38\u7684\u751f\u547d\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4ec5\u975e\u5e38\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u6ce8\u5b9a\u8981\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u751f\u547d\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u672c\u8d28\u6070\u6070\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u76f4\u89c9\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\uff08Bedau 1996\uff09\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u8d1d\u591a\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u5b9a\u4e49\u751f\u547d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u5e94\u5f53\u6765\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e00\u767e\u516b\u5341\u5ea6\u7684\u5927\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4ece\u76ee\u6807\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u5e94\u5f53\u80fd\u591f\u5305\u542b\u5e76\u7edf\u4e00\u73b0\u6709\u751f\u547d\u7684\u591a\u79cd\u591a\u6837\u7684\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u80fd\u591f\u89e3\u51b3\u5728\u5b9a\u4e49\u751f\u547d\u65f6\u56f0\u6270\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u96be\u9898\u3002\u751f\u547d\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u591a\u6837\u7684\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u597d\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5b9a\u4e49\u5e94\u5f53\u80fd\u591f\u7ed9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6027\u8d28\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u5b9a\u4e49\u751f\u547d\u65f6\u4eba\u4eec\u8fd8\u63d0\u51fa\u597d\u591a\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u5b9a\u4e49\u5fc5\u987b\u80fd\u591f\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u96be\u9898\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u96be\u9898\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\u56db\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u8fb9\u754c\u6848\u4f8b\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u75c5\u6bd2\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u751f\u547d\uff1f\u524d\u5316\u5b66\u6c64\u4e2d\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u975e\u7ec6\u80de\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u751f\u547d\uff1f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u662f\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\u6027\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u6982\u5ff5\u6700\u9ad8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e94\u7528\u5230\u54ea\u4e9b\u5c42\u6b21\uff1f\u7ec6\u80de\u3001\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u5668\u5b98\u3001\u6709\u673a\u4f53\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u5730\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u50cf\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u751f\u7269\u5708\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u4e5f\u662f\u751f\u547d\u5462\uff1f\u7b2c\u4e09\u662f\u751f\u547d\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u5f62\u5f0f\u8fd8\u662f\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u6240\u6709\u7684\u751f\u547d\u90fd\u4e0e\u542b\u78b3\u7684\u6709\u673a\u5206\u5b50\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u6709\u597d\u50cf\u4e3b\u8981\u5728\u4e8e\u8fc7\u7a0b\u548c\u6027\u8d28\u800c\u4e0d\u5728\u7269\u8d28\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\u5230\u5e95\u8c01\u6700\u6839\u672c\u5462\uff1f\u7b2c\u56db\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u751f\u547d\u548c\u5fc3\u7075\u6216\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u667a\u529b\u6c34\u5e73\u548c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7a0b\u5ea6\u6709\u7740\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u5bf9\u5e94\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u751f\u547d\u548c\u667a\u80fd\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u5173\u7cfb\uff1f\u751f\u547d\u5fc5\u987b\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5417\uff1f\u8d1d\u591a\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u597d\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5b9a\u4e49\u5e94\u5f53\u80fd\u591f\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002
\n\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u4ece\u89c6\u89d2\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u8d1d\u591a\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5b9a\u4e49\u751f\u547d\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u5e94\u5f53\u653e\u5230\u751f\u547d\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u76f4\u89c9\u7684\u751f\u547d\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\uff1b\u5e94\u5f53\u5173\u6ce8\u751f\u547d\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5355\u4e2a\u7684\u751f\u547d\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u4e2a\u4f53\u3002\u751f\u547d\u73b0\u8c61\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u5219\u662f\u4ece\u5c5e\u7684\u3002\u8fc7\u7a0b\u63d0\u4f9b\u751f\u547d\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff08Bedau 1996\uff09\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u8d1d\u591a\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u5b9a\u4e49\u751f\u547d\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u4e2a\u4f53\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u628a\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e0a\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5b9a\u4e49\u751f\u547d\u7684\u51fa\u53d1\u70b9\u4e0d\u5e94\u5f53\u4ece\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u751f\u547d\u6027\u8d28\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u800c\u5e94\u5f53\u628a\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b9a\u4e49\u751f\u547d\u7684\u6839\u672c\u51fa\u53d1\u70b9\u3002
\n\u4ece\u7fa4\u4f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u8d1d\u591a\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u201c\u89e3\u91ca\u751f\u547d\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u6839\u672c\u539f\u5219\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u9002\u5e94\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u2014\u2014\u5373\u5b83\u5bf9\u751f\u5b58\u3001\u7e41\u6b96\uff0c\u6216\u66f4\u4e00\u822c\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u7e41\u76db\u95ee\u9898\u4e2d\u9047\u5230\u7684\u96be\u4ee5\u9884\u6599\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u80fd\u591f\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u5947\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u529e\u6cd5\u7684\u6052\u4e45\u80fd\u529b\uff08Boden 1996:338\uff09\u3002\u201d\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u7279\u5f81\u5728\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u63ed\u793a\u3002\u8d1d\u591a\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u5176\u5b9e\u5728\u4ed6\u4e4b\u524d\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u4eba\u5021\u5bfc\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u786e\u8bf4\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u8457\u540d\u8fdb\u5316\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u6885\u7eb3\u5fb7.\u65af\u5bc6\u65af(J. Maynard Smith)\u5c31\u66fe\u8bf4\u8fc7\uff1a
\n\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u628a\u4efb\u4f55\u5177\u6709\u7e41\u6b96\u3001\u9057\u4f20\u548c\u53d8\u5f02\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u7fa4\u4f53\u5f53\u4f5c\u662f\u6d3b\u7684\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u8fa9\u62a4\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\u4efb\u4f55\u5177\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u5c06\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u8fdb\u5316\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u5b83\u7684\u73af\u5883\u3002\u7ed9\u5b9a\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u590d\u6742\u6027\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u4ea7\u751f(Maynard Smith 1975: 96-97)\u3002
\n\u51ef\u6069.\u65af\u5bc6\u65af(A. G. Cairns-Smith)\u4e5f\u66fe\u5f3a\u8c03\u9002\u5e94\u5728\u8fdb\u5316\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a
\n\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u662f\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u7ec4\u6210\u673a\u5236\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u4e3a\u4e86\u89e3\u91ca\u751f\u7269\u591a\u6837\u6027\u548c\u590d\u6742\u6027\u7406\u8bba\u5fc5\u987b\u4e5f\u8003\u8651\u7531\u53d8\u5316\u7740\u7684\u73af\u5883\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u7740\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002\u81ea\u7136\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9972\u80b2\u8005\u548c\u8868\u6f14\u88c1\u5224\uff0c\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u6539\u53d8\u5979\u5173\u4e8e\u54ea\u4e00\u7c7b\u578b\u5e94\u8be5\u7ed9\u4e88\u7b2c\u4e00\u5956\u52b1\u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff1a\u6539\u53d8\u9009\u62e9\u538b\u529b\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u5979\u7684\u521b\u9020\u624d\u80fd\u7684\u5173\u952e\u90e8\u5206\u3002
\n\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u5173\u952e\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u5b83\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u80fd\u652f\u6491\u9002\u5e94\u4e86\u7684\u7ed9\u5b9a\u73af\u5883\u7684\u96c6\u5408\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u7528\u8bf4\u53d8\u6210\u9002\u5e94\u65b0\u7684\u73af\u5883\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5192\u9669\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6210\u529f\u5730\u5f00\u59cb\u3002\u90a3\u7c7b\u5185\u7f6e\u7684\u6211\u4eec\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u751f\u547d\u201d\u7684\u7cbe\u5de7\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u653e\u7f6e\u4e8e\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e2d\uff1a\u751f\u547d\u662f\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u4ea7\u7269(Cairns-Smith 1985: 3)\u3002
\n\u8d1d\u591a\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u660e\u786e\u5730\u628a\u751f\u7269\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u65e0\u9650\u5ea6\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u9002\u5e94\u65b0\u7684\u73af\u5883\u7684\u7279\u6027\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u751f\u547d\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u751f\u547d\u603b\u662f\u80fd\u5bf9\u65b0\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u73af\u5883\u6311\u6218\u4f5c\u51fa\u65b0\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u519b\u5907\u7ade\u8d5b\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u9002\u5e94\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u79cd\u9002\u5e94\u662f\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u9002\u5e94\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u79cd\u9002\u5e94\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u7075\u6d3b\u9002\u5e94\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u53ea\u80fd\u5bf9\u65e7\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4ea7\u751f\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5728\u9047\u5230\u65b0\u7684\u524d\u6240\u672a\u6709\u7684\u73af\u5883\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u9002\u5e94\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u7075\u6d3b\u9002\u5e94\u6240\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u6311\u6218\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u66fe\u9884\u6599\u7684\u548c\u65b0\u5947\u7684\u3002
\n\u8d1d\u591a\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u662f\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5c31\u662f\u7075\u6d3b\u9002\u5e94\u7cfb\u7edf\u672c\u8eab\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u662f\u6d3e\u751f\u7684\u6216\u4ece\u5c5e\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u662f\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0e\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\u5177\u6709\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u8d1d\u591a\u53c8\u628a\u4ed6\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5b9a\u4e49\u5199\u6210\u8fd9\u6837\uff1a
\nX\u662f\u751f\u547d\u5f53\u4e14\u4ec5\u5f53\uff1a
\n1) X\u662f\u7075\u6d3b\u9002\u5e94\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u6216
\n2) X\u4ee5\u6070\u5f53\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0e\u7075\u6d3b\u9002\u5e94\u7cfb\u7edf\u76f8\u8054\u7cfb\u3002
\n\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u751f\u7269\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u5168\u90e8\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5f52\u6839\u7ed3\u5e95\uff0c\u662f\u5168\u90e8\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u3001\u7531\u8bb8\u591a\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u6784\u6210\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5708\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u9002\u5e94\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u800c\u4e2a\u4f53\u751f\u547d\u3001\u5668\u5b98\u3001\u7ec6\u80de\u7b49\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u4ee5\u6070\u5f53\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0e\u7075\u6d3b\u9002\u5e94\u7cfb\u7edf\u6709\u5173\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u662f\u7531\u7075\u6d3b\u9002\u5e94\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ea7\u751f\u548c\u652f\u6301\u7684\u4ece\u5c5e\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002
\n\u8d1d\u591a\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9a\u4e49\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u4f18\u70b9\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f18\u70b9\u662f\u5b83\u80fd\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7279\u70b9\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u751f\u547d\u662f\u7075\u6d3b\u9002\u5e94\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u975e\u5e38\u590d\u6742\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u5373\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u8054\u7684\u5177\u6709\u9057\u4f20\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u3002\u7075\u6d3b\u9002\u5e94\u4e2d\u7684\u968f\u673a\u53d8\u5316\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7279\u522b\u96be\u4ee5\u9884\u6599\uff0c\u4e5f\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u751f\u547d\u7cfb\u7edf\u7531\u975e\u5e38\u6613\u53d8\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u4e2a\u4f53\u7fa4\u7ec4\u6210\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5e94\u6fc0\u6027\u7b49\u7279\u70b9\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u7075\u6d3b\u9002\u5e94\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u3002
\n\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u8d1d\u591a\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5b9a\u4e49\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u51b3\u8fc7\u53bb\u5728\u751f\u547d\u6982\u5ff5\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u9047\u5230\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u548c\u975e\u751f\u547d\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4ee5\u5f80\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u90fd\u8981\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u751f\u547d\u548c\u975e\u751f\u547d\u4e4b\u95f4\u4f5c\u51fa\u975e\u6b64\u5373\u5f7c\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u800c\u7075\u6d3b\u9002\u5e94\u8bf4\u53ef\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u7075\u6d3b\u9002\u5e94\u6709\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u8d1d\u591a\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u548c\u975e\u751f\u547d\u4e4b\u95f4\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u622a\u7136\u5206\u660e\u7684\u754c\u9650\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u4ee5\u5448\u73b0\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u9002\u5e94\uff0c\u540c\u4e00\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u9002\u5e94\u6c34\u5e73\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u800c\u53d8\u52a8\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u9002\u5e94\u6c34\u5e73\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u7075\u6d3b\u9002\u5e94\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u9ad8\u4f4e\u5224\u65ad\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u6709\u751f\u547d\u7684\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u7684\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5982\u4f55\u3002\u75c5\u6bd2\u3001\u51bb\u7ed3\u7684\u7cbe\u5b50\u3001\u4f11\u7720\u7684\u79cd\u5b50\u7b49\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u751f\u547d\u548c\u975e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u5f53\u5b83\u4eec\u5904\u5728\u5b64\u7acb\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u4e0e\u7075\u6d3b\u9002\u5e94\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u975e\u751f\u547d\uff1b\u4f46\u5f53\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0e\u7075\u6d3b\u9002\u5e94\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u91cd\u65b0\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u6765\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53c8\u56de\u5230\u4e86\u751f\u547d\u7684\u201c\u738b\u56fd\u201d\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\u6027\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8d1d\u591a\u6839\u636e\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\u548c\u6d3e\u751f\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u5212\u5206\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u5c42\u6b21\u5305\u542b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4f46\u5374\u662f\u6709\u5173\u8054\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7cfb\u7edf\u7b49\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u751f\u547d\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u662f\u7269\u8d28\u8fd8\u662f\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8d1d\u591a\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u662f\u540e\u8005\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u7075\u6d3b\u9002\u5e94\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u591a\u91cd\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u540c\u4e00\u79cd\u9002\u5e94\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u57fa\u7840\u4e2d\u5b9e\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u548c\u5fc3\u7075\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8d1d\u591a\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7075\u6d3b\u9002\u5e94\u7684\u751f\u547d\u6982\u5ff5\u4ece\u66f4\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u3002\u6240\u6709\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\u5fc5\u987b\u60f3\u65b9\u8bbe\u6cd5\u5e94\u4ed8\u590d\u6742\u52a8\u6001\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u5916\u754c\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u5fc3\u7075\u4e5f\u540c\u6837\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u548c\u5fc3\u7075\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u90fd\u662f\u7075\u6d3b\u9002\u5e94\uff0c\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u540e\u8005\u6bd4\u524d\u8005\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u8981\u9ad8\u8bb8\u591a\u3002
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\u4e94\u3001\u8d70\u5411\u751f\u547d\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5b9a\u4e49<\/p>\n
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\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e
\n1. Bedau, Mark A. (1996). \"The Nature of Life.\" In Boden (1996).
\n2. Bedau, Mark A. (1998). \"Four Puzzles about Life.\" Artificial Life, 4 (2): 125-140.
\n3. Boden, M. A. (ed.) (1996). The Philosophy of Artificial Life. New York: Oxford University Press.
\n4. Farmer, D. F., and Belin, A. d'A. (1991). \"Artificial Life: the coming evolution.\" In Artificial Life, edited by C. G. Langton, C. Taylor, J. D. Farmer, and S. Rasmussen. SFI Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, Proc. Vol. \u2169. Redwood City, CA: Addison-Wesley: 815-840.
\n5. Fleischaker, G. R. (1990). \u201cOrigins of Life: An Operational Definition.\u201d Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, 20: 127-137.
\n6. Lange, Marc (1996). \"Life, 'Artificial life,' and Scientific Explanation.\" Philosophy of Science, 63: 225-244.
\n7. Maturana, Humberto R. and Varela, Francisco J. (1980). Autopoesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 42. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Co.
\n8. Maynard Smith, J. (1975). The Theory of Evolution. Third edition. New York: Penguin.
\n9. Mayr, E. (1982). The Growth of Biological Thought. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
\n10. Schr?dinger, E. (1944). What is Life? Cambridge: The University Press.
\n11. Searle, John R. (1992). The Rediscovery of Mind. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
\n12. Sterelny, Kim & Griffiths, Paul E. (1999). Sex and Death: An Introduction to Philosophy of Biology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
\n13. \u6069\u683c\u65af\uff081970\uff09.\u300a\u53cd\u675c\u6797\u8bba\u300b.\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002
\n14. \u9648\u9605\u589e\u7b49\uff081997\uff09.\u300a\u666e\u901a\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u300b.\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002
\n15. \u5f20\u6600\uff081998\uff09.\u300a\u751f\u7269\u8fdb\u5316\u300b.\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n
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