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\n\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u4eba\u5728\u5b9a\u4e49\u751f\u547d\u65f6\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u4ece\u672c\u5b66\u79d1\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u628a\u751f\u547d\u7684\u67d0\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u52a0\u4ee5\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u628a\u67d0\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4f5c\u4e3a\u751f\u547d\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u5f80\u5f80\u628a\u80fd\u591f\u5b8c\u6210\u8bf8\u5982\u6d88\u5316\u3001\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u3001\u6392\u6cc4\u3001\u547c\u5438\u3001\u8fd0\u52a8\u3001\u751f\u957f\u3001\u53d1\u80b2\u548c\u5bf9\u5916\u754c\u523a\u6fc0\u505a\u51fa\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u751f\u547d\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u751f\u7269\u5316\u5b66\u548c\u5206\u5b50\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u53c8\u5f80\u5f80\u628a\u751f\u547d\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u53ef\u4f20\u9012\u7f16\u7801\u5728DNA\u548cRNA\u4e2d\u7684\u9057\u4f20\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u606f\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a7\u5236\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u7684\u5408\u6210\uff0c\u800c\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u51b3\u5b9a\u7740\u751f\u7269\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6027\u72b6\u3002\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u5f80\u5f80\u628a\u4e00\u4e2a\u80fd\u591f\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u751f\u547d\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5219\u53c8\u628a\u751f\u547d\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u5b83\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4ea4\u6362\u7269\u8d28\u548c\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u5f00\u653e\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u5f00\u653e\u7cfb\u7edf\u80fd\u591f\u201c\u5403\u8fdb\u201d\u8d1f\u71b5\uff0c\u4f7f\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ece\u65e0\u5e8f\u521b\u9020\u51fa\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d1f\u71b5\u4fdd\u6301\u548c\u91cd\u5efa\u5b83\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u4e5f\u4f7f\u4eba\u4eec\u611f\u5230\u751f\u547d\u96be\u6709\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002
\n\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u73b0\u8c61\u4e0e\u975e\u751f\u547d\u73b0\u8c61\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u6761\u622a\u7136\u5206\u660e\u7684\u754c\u9650\uff1b\u800c\u6211\u4eec\u5b9a\u4e49\u751f\u547d\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u53c8\u662f\u8981\u628a\u5b83\u4eec\u660e\u786e\u5730\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u5fc5\u7136\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u8981\u4e48\u592a\u5bbd\uff0c\u628a\u4e00\u4e9b\u975e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u5185\uff1b\u8981\u4e48\u53c8\u592a\u7a84\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u751f\u547d\u73b0\u8c61\u4e5f\u88ab\u6392\u9664\u5728\u751f\u547d\u4e4b\u5916\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u4e0a\u9762\u4e0d\u540c\u5b66\u79d1\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u5c3d\u7ba1\u662f\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u903b\u8f91\u4e0a\u90fd\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u6216\u8005\u628a\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u6709\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5f53\u4f5c\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u751f\u547d\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u628a\u975e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e5f\u5f53\u4f5c\u662f\u6709\u751f\u547d\u7684\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u5b9a\u4e49\u5c31\u4f1a\u628a\u4f11\u7720\u7684\u79cd\u5b50\u3001\u75c5\u6bd2\u3001\u7c7b\u75c5\u6bd2\u7b49\u6392\u9664\u5728\u751f\u547d\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u8fdb\u884c\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\uff0c\u53c8\u628a\u6c7d\u8f66\u7b49\u975e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5f53\u4f5c\u662f\u6709\u751f\u547d\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6c7d\u8f66\u4e5f\u80fd\u8fdb\u884c\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u3002\u751f\u7269\u5316\u5b66\u548c\u5206\u5b50\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u4f1a\u628a\u86cb\u767d\u611f\u67d3\u7d20\uff08\u5bfc\u81f4\u7619\u75d2\u75c5\u7684\u4f3c\u86cb\u767d\u611f\u67d3\u7c92\u5b50\uff09\u6392\u9664\u5728\u751f\u547d\u4e4b\u5916\u3002
\n\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u5f80\u5f80\u628a\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u95ee\u9898\u5f53\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u56de\u7b54\u4e0e\u4e0d\u56de\u7b54\u5bf9\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u591a\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff08Lange 1996\uff09\u30021960\u5e74\u7684\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u6842\u51a0\u5f97\u4e3b\uff0c\u514d\u75ab\u5b66\u5bb6\u6885\u8fbe\u6c83\uff08P. B. Medawar\uff09\u66fe\u7ecf\u4e0d\u8010\u70e6\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u4f7f\u4eba\u611f\u5230\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bf9\u8bdd\u7684\u4f4e\u6c34\u5e73\u3002\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u5f80\u5f80\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u76f4\u89c9\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u73b0\u8c61\u5df2\u7ecf\u8db3\u591f\uff1b\u6ca1\u6709\u6e05\u6670\u660e\u767d\u7684\u751f\u547d\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5bf9\u751f\u7269\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u529f\u80fd\u3001\u8fdb\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4ea7\u751f\u4efb\u4f55\u4e0d\u826f\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e5f\u56e0\u6b64\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u6982\u5ff5\u4f5c\u7cbe\u786e\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u5bf9\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u5e76\u65e0\u5fc5\u8981\u3002\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u585e\u5c14\uff08John Searle\uff09\u5c31\u8bf4\u8fc7\uff0c\u201c\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u5f53\u7136\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u6301\u7eed\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u601d\u8003\u751f\u547d\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u786e\u5b9e\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u751f\u547d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u5728\u4ed6\u5065\u5168\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u91cc\u4f1a\u5426\u8ba4\u4ed6\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u73b0\u8c61\u662f\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff08Searle 1992: 227-8\uff09\u201d\u3002\u65af\u8482\u5c14\u5c3c(Kim Sterelny)\u548c\u683c\u91cc\u83f2\u65af(Paul Griffiths)\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u65b0\u8fd1\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u4e00\u672c\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u4e5f\u66fe\u8bf4\u9053\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u5e76\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u751f\u547d\u5b9a\u4e49\u6765\u5e2e\u52a9\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bc6\u522b\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u601d\u8003\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff08Sterelny and Griffiths 1999\uff09\u3002
\n\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u90fd\u8d5e\u540c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u30021958\u5e74\u7684\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u6842\u51a0\u5f97\u4e3b\uff0c\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u5bb6\u7ea6\u4e66\u4e9a?\u83b1\u5fb7\u4f2f\u683c\uff08Joshua Lederberg\uff09\u66fe\u5199\u9053\uff0c\u201c\u7406\u8bba\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u751f\u547d\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u5b9a\u4e49\uff08\u8f6c\u5f15\u81eaLange 1996: 226\uff09\u3002\u201d\u9664\u7406\u8bba\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u6982\u5ff5\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u547d\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u5730\u5916\u751f\u547d\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u7b49\uff0c\u4e5f\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u95ee\u9898\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5b9a\u4e49\u76f4\u63a5\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3001\u8303\u56f4\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u5411\u300280\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u5174\u8d77\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u751f\u547d\u5b66\u79d1\u66f4\u662f\u628a\u751f\u547d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u95ee\u9898\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9996\u5148\u8981\u56de\u7b54\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4e8c\u3001\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u201c\u5982\u543e\u6240\u8bc6\u7684\u751f\u547d\u201d
\n20\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u5174\u8d77\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e0e\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4ea4\u53c9\u7684\u524d\u6cbf\u79d1\u5b66\u4eba\u5de5\u751f\u547d\u66fe\u628a\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u7684\u751f\u547d\u8bf4\u6210\u662f\u201c\u5982\u543e\u6240\u8bc6\u7684\u751f\u547d\u201d(life-as-we-know-it)\uff0c\u800c\u628a\u5176\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e2d\u521b\u9020\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u751f\u547d\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5982\u5176\u6240\u80fd\u7684\u751f\u547d\u201d\uff08life-as-it-could-be\uff09\u3002\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8981\u6db5\u76d6\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8981\u6db5\u76d6\u672a\u77e5\u7684\u6216\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u751f\u547d\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5148\u4ece\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u7684\u751f\u547d\u7279\u5f81\u8bf4\u8d77\u3002\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u7684\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ece\u7269\u8d28\u7ec4\u6210\u3001\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u6027\u8d28\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u4e2a\u7279\u70b9\uff1a
\n\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4ece\u7269\u8d28\u7ec4\u6210\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u751f\u7269\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u57fa\u672c\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u7ec4\u6210\u3002\u6240\u6709\u751f\u547d\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u90fd\u7531\u78b3\u3001\u6c22\u3001\u6c27\u3001\u6c2e\u3001\u78f7\u3001\u786b\u3001\u9499\u7b49\u5143\u7d20\u6784\u6210\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5143\u7d20\u76f8\u4e92\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u6784\u6210\u6c28\u57fa\u9178\u3001\u6838\u82f7\u9178\u3001\u8461\u8404\u7cd6\u7b49\u751f\u547d\u5c0f\u5206\u5b50\uff1b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c0f\u5206\u5b50\u518d\u901a\u8fc7\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u76f8\u4e92\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u3001\u6838\u9178\u3001\u591a\u805a\u7cd6\u548c\u8102\u7c7b\u7b49\u751f\u7269\u5927\u5206\u5b50\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5206\u5b50\u6210\u4e3a\u6784\u5efa\u751f\u547d\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u201c\u5efa\u8bbe\u7816\u5757\u201d\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5927\u5206\u5b50\u90fd\u5305\u542b\u6709\u78b3\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4eba\u5de5\u751f\u547d\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u53c8\u628a\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u5982\u543e\u6240\u8bc6\u7684\u751f\u547d\u201d\u53eb\u505a\u201c\u78b3\u57fa\u751f\u547d\u201d\u3002
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\n\u73b0\u5728\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u786e\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u975e\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\u4e09\u7c7b\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u75c5\u6bd2\uff0c\u7531\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u5916\u58f3\u548cDNA\u6216RNA\u6838\u5fc3\u7ec4\u6210\uff1b\u4e00\u7c7b\u662f\u7c7b\u75c5\u6bd2\uff0c\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u5916\u58f3\u7684\u3001\u5168\u88f8\u7684RNA\u5206\u5b50\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e09\u7c7b\u662f\u86cb\u767d\u611f\u67d3\u7d20\uff0c\u6216\u53eb\u539f\u4f53\uff08Prions\uff09\uff0c\u4ec5\u7531\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u5206\u5b50\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u542b\u6709\u81ea\u8eab\u590d\u5236\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u5b50\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u662f\u9057\u4f20\u4fe1\u606f\u8f7d\u4f53\u3002\u4f46\u76ee\u524d\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u6781\u4e3a\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u751f\u547d\u4e86\u89e3\u751a\u5c11\u3002
\n\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e09\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u975e\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u547d\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u611f\u67d3\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d3b\u7ec6\u80de\u65f6\u624d\u80fd\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u72ec\u7acb\u5730\u5b9e\u73b0\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u590d\u5236\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e09\u79cd\u975e\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u751f\u547d\u4e0d\u662f\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u539f\u59cb\u751f\u547d\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u3002
\n\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u75c5\u6bd2\u3001\u7c7b\u75c5\u6bd2\u548c\u86cb\u767d\u611f\u67d3\u7d20\u7b49\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b97\u662f\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u56e0\u6b64\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5728\u5730\u7403\u65e9\u671f\u5316\u5b66\u8fdb\u5316\u9636\u6bb5\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u51fa\u73b0\u8fc7\u975e\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u201c\u5927\u5206\u5b50\u72b6\u6001\u201d\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\u5417\uff1f\u5728\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u547d\u51fa\u73b0\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u8fdb\u5316\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u8fc7\u5355\u7531\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u5206\u5b50\u6216\u5355\u7531\u6838\u9178\u5206\u5b50\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1f\u56e0\u4e3a\u65e9\u671f\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u975e\u751f\u7269\u5408\u6210\u7684\u6709\u673a\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5927\u5206\u5b50\u81ea\u8eab\u590d\u5236\u7684\u5916\u5728\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5927\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u5730\u7403\u65e9\u671f\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u7684\uff08\u5f20\u6600\uff0c1998\uff09\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u975e\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\u73b0\u5728\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u8bd5\u7ba1\u4e2d\u4e00\u6837\u3002
\n\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u540c\u610f\u5728\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u547d\u51fa\u73b0\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u8fdb\u5316\u9636\u6bb5\u786e\u5b9e\u6709\u8fc7\u7531\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u5206\u5b50\u6216\u6838\u9178\u5206\u5b50\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u63a5\u7740\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u5728\u751f\u547d\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u662f\u5148\u6709\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5148\u6709\u6838\u9178\uff1f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u66fe\u6709\u8fc7\u6fc0\u70c8\u4e89\u8bba\u3002\u201cRNA\u4e16\u754c\u201d\u8bf4\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5148\u6709\u6838\u9178\u300280\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u6709\u4eba\u53d1\u73b0\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0bRNA\u5177\u6709\u9176\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff1a\u5728RNA\u5206\u5b50\u526a\u5207\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u8d77\u50ac\u5316\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u662fRNA\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u8fd9\u4e3a\u5148\u6709\u6838\u9178\u8bf4\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8bc1\u636e\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u539f\u4f53\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u4f7f\u4eba\u4eec\u53c8\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5148\u6709\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u3002\u539f\u4f53\u5206\u5b50\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u643a\u5e26\u6709\u9057\u4f20\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5e76\u63a7\u5236\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u590d\u5236\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5230\u5e95\u8c01\u5148\u8c01\u540e\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u8fd8\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u5f04\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002
\n\u7531\u4e8e\u5728\u73b0\u4eca\u751f\u547d\u4e2d\uff0c\u6838\u9178\u4e0e\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u4e4b\u95f4\u662f\u5bc6\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u7684\u3002\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u662f\u5728\u6838\u9178\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u6307\u5bfc\u4e0b\u5408\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u6838\u9178\u53c8\u662f\u5728\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u7684\u50ac\u5316\u4e0b\u590d\u5236\u548c\u8f6c\u5f55\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f88\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u65e9\u671f\u524d\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\u65e2\u4e0d\u662fRNA\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7531\u6838\u9178\u548c\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\uff08\u6216\u8bb8\u8fd8\u6709\u7c7b\u8102\uff09\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u5927\u5206\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5927\u5206\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u5185\uff0c\u6c28\u57fa\u9178\u4e0e\u6838\u82f7\u9178\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u901a\u8fc7\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u9010\u6b65\u786e\u7acb\uff0c\u5373\u9057\u4f20\u5bc6\u7801\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f5c\u7528\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u3002
\n\u5b9e\u4f53\u5b9a\u4e49\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u751f\u547d-\u7ec6\u80de\u540c\u4e00\u8bf4\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5206\u5b50\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u751f\u547d\u90fd\u662f\u7ec6\u80de\u624d\u5177\u6709\u7684\u3002\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u4e0e\u6838\u9178\u4e00\u65e6\u4ea7\u751f\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u5305\u542b\u5728\u7c7b\u8102\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u819c\u7ed3\u6784\u4e4b\u5185\u624d\u80fd\u5f62\u6210\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u75c5\u6bd2\u3001\u7c7b\u75c5\u6bd2\u548c\u539f\u4f53\u90fd\u7f3a\u5c11\u819c\u5206\u9694\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u5bbf\u4e3b\u7ec6\u80de\u4e4b\u5916\u8fdb\u884c\u5404\u79cd\u751f\u5316\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u751f\u547d\u3002<\/p>\n
\n\u4e0e\u5b9e\u4f53\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f3a\u8c03\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u7279\u5f81\u76f8\u5bf9\uff0c\u529f\u80fd\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3b\u8981\u4ece\u751f\u547d\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u548c\u529f\u80fd\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u751f\u547d\u3002\u529f\u80fd\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e5f\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u5f3a\u8c03\u751f\u547d\u662f\u591a\u79cd\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u96c6\u5408\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u53c8\u79f0\u201c\u96c6\u5408\u5b9a\u4e49\u201d(cluster definition)\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u5f3a\u8c03\u5c11\u6570\u51e0\u79cd\u6216\u4e00\u79cd\u6027\u8d28\u4e3a\u751f\u547d\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u53eb\u505a\u201c\u6839\u672c\u6027\u8d28\u5b9a\u4e49\u201d\u3002
\n\u201c\u96c6\u5408\u5b9a\u4e49\u201d\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5217\u4e3e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7279\u5f81\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u751f\u547d\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u83ab\u8bfa\uff08Monod\uff09\u5728\u4ed6\u8457\u540d\u7684\u300a\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u548c\u5076\u7136\u6027\u300b(1971)\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u5217\u51fa\u4e09\u4e2a\u7279\u6027\u4f5c\u4e3a\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u7279\u6027\uff1a\u76ee\u7684\u6027\uff0c\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u5f62\u6001\u53d1\u751f\u548c\u7e41\u6b96\u7684\u4e0d\u53d8\u6027\u3002\u514b\u91cc\u514b\uff08Crick\uff09(1981)\u6839\u636e\u4e0b\u5217\u51e0\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\u5b9a\u4e49\u751f\u547d\uff1a\u81ea\u6211\u7e41\u6b96\uff0c\u9057\u4f20\uff0c\u8fdb\u5316\u548c\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u5217\u4e3e\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u66f4\u591a\u4e00\u4e9b\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\uff1a\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\uff0c\u751f\u957f\uff0c\u53d1\u80b2\uff0c\u9057\u4f20\uff0c\u8fdb\u5316\uff0c\u5e94\u6fc0\u6027\uff0c\u81ea\u7a33\u6001\uff0c\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u8457\u540d\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u6069\u65af\u7279.\u8fc8\u5c14\u3001\u66fe\u7ecf\u5217\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u957f\u7684\u751f\u547d\u6027\u8d28\u5217\u8868(Mayr 1982: 53)\uff1a(1) \u6240\u6709\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u751f\u547d\u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u6709\u975e\u5e38\u590d\u6742\u548c\u9002\u5e94\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002(2) \u751f\u547d\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u7531\u5316\u5b66\u4e0a\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u4e00\u7ec4\u9ad8\u5206\u5b50\u6784\u6210\u3002(3) \u751f\u547d\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u73b0\u8c61\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u8d28\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u91cf\u7684\u3002(4) \u6240\u6709\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u751f\u547d\u7cfb\u7edf\u7531\u9ad8\u5ea6\u53ef\u53d8\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u7ec4\u6210\u3002(5) \u6240\u6709\u7684\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u62e5\u6709\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u8fdb\u5316\u6765\u7684\u9057\u4f20\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u5b83\u4f7f\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u80fd\u591f\u53c2\u4e0e\u76ee\u7684\u6027\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u548c\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002(6) \u751f\u547d\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u7684\u7c7b\u522b\u662f\u7531\u5171\u540c\u5bb6\u7cfb\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8fde\u63a5\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u3002(7) \u6709\u673a\u4f53\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002(8) \u751f\u547d\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7279\u522b\u96be\u4ee5\u9884\u6599\u3002
\n\u591a\u4f0a\u6069.\u6cd5\u9ed8\uff08J. Doyne Farmer\uff09\u548c\u767d\u6797\uff08Aletta d\u2019A Belin\uff09\u66fe\u7ecf\u5217\u4e3e\u4e86\u4e0b\u5217\u4e00\u7ec4\u6027\u8d28\u4f5c\u4e3a\u751f\u547d\u5171\u6709\u7684\u5178\u578b\u7279\u5f81(Farmer & Belin 1991: 818)\uff1a(1) \u751f\u547d\u662f\u65f6\u7a7a\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\uff08pattern\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u5ba2\u4f53\u3002\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u6a21\u5f0f\u548c\u5404\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u96c6\u5408\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u5b9e\u4f53\u3002(2) \u751f\u547d\u5177\u6709\u81ea\u6211\u7e41\u6b96\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u81f3\u5c11\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u7e41\u6b96\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u9aa1\u5b50\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u80b2\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u7e41\u6b96\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u3002(3) \u751f\u547d\u5b58\u50a8\u6709\u81ea\u6211\u8868\u5f81\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u7684\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u5728DNA\u5206\u5b50\u4e2d\u90fd\u5b58\u50a8\u6709\u5173\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u63cf\u8ff0\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u751f\u7269\u81ea\u5df1\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6210\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u3002(4) \u751f\u547d\u5177\u6709\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5373\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u505c\u5730\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u8fdb\u884c\u7269\u8d28\u548c\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\u3002(5) \u751f\u547d\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u5728\u529f\u80fd\u4e0a\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5373\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u9009\u62e9\u5730\u5bf9\u5916\u754c\u523a\u6fc0\u505a\u51fa\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u9002\u5e94\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5b83\u4eec\u4e5f\u80fd\u591f\u521b\u9020\u548c\u63a7\u5236\u5b83\u4eec\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u73af\u5883\u3002(6) \u751f\u547d\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u4e4b\u95f4\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u8d56\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u8d56\u7ef4\u6301\u4e86\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u3002(7) \u751f\u547d\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u6270\u52a8\u9762\u524d\u4fdd\u6301\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u5b83\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u566a\u58f0\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u4fdd\u6301\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5f62\u6001\u548c\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u53d1\u6325\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6b63\u5e38\u529f\u80fd\u3002(8) \u751f\u547d\u5177\u6709\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8fdb\u5316\u80fd\u529b\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u7cfb\u8c31\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u3002
\n\u6cd5\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5217\u8868\u8fdc\u8fdc\u4e0d\u662f\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u6709\u673a\u4f53\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u75c5\u6bd2\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u5904\u5728\u751f\u547d\u548c\u975e\u751f\u547d\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u751f\u547d\u8d77\u6e90\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u539f\u59cb\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u201d\u4e5f\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u534a\u6d3b\u6027\u7684\u201d\u5b9e\u4f53\u3002\u800c\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5217\u8868\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u628a\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u751f\u547d\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u6cd5\u9ed8\u8bf4\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u548c\u975e\u751f\u547d\u4e4b\u95f4\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u622a\u7136\u5206\u660e\u7684\u754c\u9650\u3002\u6070\u5f53\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u662f\u628a\u751f\u547d\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u201c\u4e00\u79cd\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u4e9b\u6a21\u5f0f\u6bd4\u5176\u5b83\u6a21\u5f0f\u66f4\u591a\u6216\u66f4\u5c11\u6d3b\u6027\uff08Farmer & Belin 1991: 819\uff09\u3002\u201d
\n\u96c6\u5408\u5b9a\u4e49\u901a\u8fc7\u5404\u79cd\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u8865\u5145\u6765\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u4eec\u533a\u5206\u751f\u547d\u548c\u975e\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u907f\u514d\u8fc7\u5206\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u65ad\u5b9a\u67d0\u79cd\u6027\u8d28\u662f\u5426\u662f\u751f\u547d\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u65e2\u662f\u5b83\u7684\u4f18\u70b9\uff0c\u53c8\u662f\u5b83\u7684\u7f3a\u70b9\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u54ea\u4e9b\u6027\u8d28\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u54ea\u4e9b\u6027\u8d28\u4e0d\u80fd\uff0c\u4eff\u4f5b\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u5230\u96c6\u5408\u5b9a\u4e49\u6709\u65f6\u663e\u5f97\u76f8\u5f53\u4efb\u610f\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u5217\u8868\u603b\u662f\u53d8\u52a8\u4e0d\u5df2\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u5217\u8868\u957f\u4e00\u4e9b\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u5217\u8868\u53c8\u77ed\u4e00\u4e9b\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4eba\u603b\u662f\u6839\u636e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u5217\u4e3e\u51fa\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u3002
\n\u201c\u6839\u672c\u6027\u8d28\u5b9a\u4e49\u201d\u867d\u7136\u4e5f\u4ece\u529f\u80fd\u6027\u8d28\u51fa\u53d1\u5b9a\u4e49\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u4f46\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4ece\u5c11\u6570\u66f4\u6839\u672c\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u751f\u547d\u3002\u751f\u547d\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u539f\u56e0\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6027\u8d28\u96c6\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u5f62\u6210\u751f\u547d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u5462\uff1f\u96c6\u5408\u5b9a\u4e49\u5e76\u4e0d\u7279\u522b\u5173\u5fc3\u6027\u8d28\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u5b83\u89e3\u91ca\u4e0d\u4e86\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u4e00\u7ec4\u6027\u8d28\u8981\u96c6\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u4ea7\u751f\u751f\u547d\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u3002\u6839\u672c\u6027\u8d28\u5b9a\u4e49\u5219\u529b\u56fe\u514b\u670d\u96c6\u5408\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7f3a\u9677\u3002
\n\u6839\u672c\u6027\u8d28\u5b9a\u4e49\u76ee\u524d\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\u56db\u79cd\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u662f\u201c\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u8bf4\u201d\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u662f\u201c\u81ea\u521b\u751f\u8bf4\u201d\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u662f\u201c\u7075\u6d3b\u9002\u5e94\u8bf4\u201d\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u79cd\u662f\u6211\u6240\u8d5e\u6210\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u8bf4\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u8f83\u591a\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u65b0\u7684\u4e00\u8282\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\uff08\u6587\/\u674e\u5efa\u4f1a\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"